We also outline what action you should take after you have completed these steps. The primary survey is the first stage in any first aid assessment. It is an initial assessment of the situation and the needs of the casualty that will help you to understand whether you can approach and start to attend to them without putting yourself or anyone else at risk of harm. Applying the primary survey will allow you to determine whether someone has any injuries or illnesses that could be life-threatening and so need to be responded to immediately.
The action you subsequently take may well save their life, so it is important that you understand how to carry out the steps in the correct order.
This allows you to consider serious health complications in order of priority, firstly assessing those that will cause fatality the quickest. You should use the primary survey whenever you discover a casualty — someone who is injured or has fallen ill. Anyone can use the primary survey to assess a casualty. However, if a qualified first aider is present, they will likely carry out this initial assessment and then administer any treatment to the casualty.
Note that qualified first aiders must have taken practical training of at least 18 contact hours. If a qualified first aider cannot attend, then some workplaces may have an appointed person present.
Appointed persons are in charge of first aid arrangements at workplaces. If someone requires first aid assistance outside of a workplace, such as in your home, you can carry out the primary survey yourself if you feel competent in doing so.
You can find out more about it by visiting our website. These must be followed as they are, in order of priority, to ensure the most life-threatening conditions are assessed and treated first. Also, use it to gather information.
To ensure the safety of you and everyone around you must first assess the entire situation. Ensure the surroundings are safe for you, your rescue partners, the public, and then the patient s. In that order. Next try to determine what may have caused the situation and if there may be spinal damage to the patient.
Knowing the cause will help you to determine likely injuries. It will also help you predict further complications and avoid injury by the same thing. Finally, assess the number of patients, the need for more rescuers, and what resources you have or need.
All this may seem overwhelming but your brain is awesome. Depending on the situation you can gather all this information within seconds. It is your first contact with the casualty and is necessary to determine your next step. Use the first aid acronym AVPU. Are you okay? If you need to and are able, put on gloves and call for help. Use the emergency roll to get the patient on his back and check his critical systems at the same time. Roll the patient onto his back. For larger patients use the heel of your foot to nudge his pelvis so it rolls with the upper body.
At the same time, with your other hand, check the radial pulse. The radial pulse is below the wrist at the base of the thumb. Note: Do not use your thumb to check pulse, as the thumb has a light pulse of its own.
Also, check for and treat any severe bleeding. If you suspect a spine injury or are unsure, do not move the patient unless absolutely necessary. Protect and stabilize the spine. Check if air is moving in and out. If the patient is breathing, air is moving. Put your ear close to the patients face so that you are looking down his torso. Place your hand on his abdomen and look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing.
If the airway is not open, use the chin lift. Lift up the chin gently with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with the other to tilt the head back. When you suspect a neck injury, open the airway using the chin-lift without tilting the head back. With infants under one-year-old be careful not to tilt the head back too far. Doing so may block the breathing passage instead of opening it. Something that can interfere with the treatment the casualty receives. For example: If a casualty is in an accident in a vehicle on the motorway, the primary danger here would be other traffic.
Therefore, the traffic would need to be stopped before attending to the casualty. Only after you have confirmed that there is no danger can you approach and assess the casualty. Once you have established that their casualty is unresponsive, you must check their airway.
The airway is a critical step because, at this point, you will be looking to find out why the casualty is unresponsive. Use your fingertips on their chin to lift their mouth and open their airways. If they are not breathing, breathing infrequently, or abnormally you can go to step 5.
If the casualty is unconscious, but breathing normally, put them in the recovery position when it is safe to do so.
Do not start CPR until you have called Your casualty will have a better chance of survival if the emergency services can get to them quickly. Use your speakerphone to make the call if you are on your own. The benefits of the added steps include a more detailed assessment and an increased focus on preventing further injury and promoting recovery as well as just preserving life.
Between the response and the airways stages comes stage 2. The reason being that catastrophic blood loss can kill quickly and needs to be stemmed before dealing with issues of airways, breathing, and circulation.
In that case the remaining steps ABC would not be necessary because someone who can talk can also breathe etc.. Depending on the situation he or she may, or may not, require medical attention. For example, someone who had fallen asleep on a park bench so might have appeared to be unconscious - yet awoke easily when spoken to, may not need any help. If a casualty does not respond and so appears to be unconscious, check if his or her airway is clear i.
Check that the person's head is in a suitable position to allow breathing. If you don't have these skills and have never learned First Aid, now is the time to look-up the current advice given by organizations such as the Red Cross, St John's Ambulance or your local First Aid Charity.
Also consider doing a First Aid course yourself because you never know when your help might be needed. During this training delegates practice on manikins - which are sometimes also called "dummies". This technique must not be practised on real people because it must not be applied to people who are breathing. Also, mouth-to-mouth ventilation alone is not helpful if there is no circulation , i. This is because oxygen received into the lungs only reaches tissues in other parts of the body as a result of being transported around the body in blood circulated by the heart.
First Aiders and others qualified in these techniques therefore also check and keep checking the casualty's circulation the "C" of DRABC, as outlined below. Blood circulation is essential for life. Blood is pumped around the body by the heart. Many first aiders and medical professionals check if blood is circulating around the body by looking for a pulse. However, guidelines and official First Aid advice changes from time to time.
Some introductory First Aid courses no-longer teach lay-people i. This is because some people might find it difficult to develop the necessary skill with just the small amount of training and time for practise on a short First Aid course, so might lose confidence and valuable time in an emergency situation.
People who do have the skills to quickly find and check a casualty's pulse are not discouraged from doing so. If the casualty does not have a pulse i. Caution : The external chest compressions technique also benefits from training which is included in short courses in First Aid, e.
As for " mouth-to-mouth resuscitation ", people taking part in training courses practice external chest compressions on manikins - not on real people. The techniques used will depend on the skills and training of the person responding in an emergency situation.
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